The Cash Flow From Operations to Total Debt ratio — CFO divided by Total Borrowings — is the single most under-appreciated solvency test in Indian fundamental analysis. This article walks through the formula, two contrasting cases, and a dedicated FY25 audited case study.

The Graham-era forensic test that asks: of every rupee you pay for a share, how many paisa are simply cash sitting in the company's bank account? An educational illustration using Titan Biotech FY25 audited numbers as a positive case study.

How one balance-sheet line — Goodwill on Consolidation — reveals whether Indian companies grew their earnings organically or simply purchased them at a premium. A forensic FY25 walkthrough with an organically-built reference set, including Ind AS 36 impairment-test signals and four common traps.

Days Payable Outstanding (DPO) measures how long a company takes to pay suppliers. Rising DPO can mean franchise-level negotiating power — or hidden liquidity distress. Here is how to tell which, with an FY25 Indian biotech illustration.