In 1935 the best pilots in America crashed a brand-new bomber because of one forgotten step. The fix was not more training. It was a short list. Here is why the same simple idea can protect an investor from the mistakes that clever people make.
A bank is a shop that sells money, and the price it pays for the money it buys matters as much as the price it charges. Seeing why the cheapest money is the hardest to copy shows what separates a strong bank from an ordinary one.
Suppliers, workers, lenders and the tax collector all take their share of a business's money before the owner sees a paisa. Seeing that queue shows why the owner's share is the biggest prize and the most fragile part.
When a company's profit falls, the first explanation is rarely the real one. A habit from a Japanese car factory shows how to keep asking why until you reach the cause that matters.