The Planning Fallacy systematically tricks investors into underestimating time, cost, and risk while overestimating benefits. Indian retail data shows the bias is alive and expensive — median expected returns of 18-22% versus actual Nifty 50 TR of 13.4%. The remedy is Reference-Class Forecasting. Titan Biotech FY25 illustrative numbers — Rs.3 cr borrowings (down 81%), 103% CFO/Operating Profit, paced capex over a decade.